Often when a child is being assessed for academic difficulties or giftedness, the WISC-IV will be administered amongst a collection of psychological tests with similarly ambiguous acronyms. The aim of this article is to provide some clarity about the content and purpose of this commonly used assessment. The goal is to demystify part of the child assessment process, which can be overwhelming for parents.
Psychologists are often asked to administer the WISC-IV (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition). It is said to be the ‘gold standard’ in cognitive assessment and claims to measure intellectual performance. The rationale for conceptualising intelligence as a performance variable is that it does not really matter how much intelligence an individual has, to adapt to the environment. What matters is how well they use their intelligence. Also, since intellectual capacity cannot be seen nor concretely verified, it cannot be reliably measured. However, intellectual performance can be measured and, thus, should be the focus of testing. Most other major intelligence tests, (e.g. Stanford-Binet; the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; Guilford Intelligence Scales), also view intelligence tests as performance measures.
The WISC-IV measures intellectual performance as a multidimensional construct. The test contains numerous scales (Indices) assessing qualitatively different types of intellectual functioning. Current intelligence tests view intelligence not as specific abilities emanating from a ‘general’ intellectual capacity, but as different types of intelligence, each being of equal adaptive importance.
Apart from providing IQ scores, the WISC-IV integrates current conceptualisations and recent research to provide the most essential information about a child’s strengths and areas of difficulty. When it is being revised, there is a lot of input from practitioners and experts in the field. Over time and after several reviews, the WISC-IV is concluded to represent significant advances in the understanding of cognitive abilities. The WISC-IV contains 10 core subtests and 5 additional optional subtests. These are summed to four indexes:
- Verbal Comprehension Index,
- Perceptual Reasoning Index
- Working Memory Index, an
- Processing Speed Index.
One Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) is also calculated. These scores range from the lowest (40) to the highest (160) points. Subtests are given for additional examination of processing abilities. The age range for the WISC-IV is 6 years and 16 years 11 months.
WISC-IV Indices (aka: indexes)
The following are the four main indices of the WISC-IV and what they measure:
Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI)
This Index assesses the child’s ability to listen to a question, draw upon learned information from both formal and informal education, reason through an answer and express thoughts aloud. It can tap preferences for verbal information, a difficulty with novel and unexpected situations, or a desire for more time to process information rather than decide ‘on the spot.’
Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI)
The PRI assesses the child’s ability to examine a problem, draw upon visual-motor and visual-spatial skills, organise their thoughts, create solutions and then test them. It can also tap preferences for visual information, comfort with novel and unexpected situations or a preference to learn by doing.
Working Memory Index (WMI)
The WMI assesses the child’s ability to memorise new information, hold it in short-term memory, concentrate, and manipulate that information to produce some result or reasoning processes. It is important in higher-order thinking, learning, and achievement. It can tap concentration, planning ability, cognitive flexibility, and sequencing skills, but is sensitive to anxiety too. It is an important component of learning and achievement, and ability to work effectively with ideas as they are presented in classroom situations.
Processing Speed Index (PSI)
The PSI assesses the child’s abilities to focus attention and quickly scan, discriminate between, and sequentially order visual information. It requires persistence and planning ability, but is sensitive to motivation, difficulty working under a time pressure, and motor coordination too. Cultural factors seem to have little impact on it. It is related to reading performance and development too. It is related to Working Memory in that increased processing speed can decrease the amount of information a child must ‘hold’ in working memory.
As an analogy, one can think of the thinking brain like the front entrance to a Victorian style home. There is a porch, front door, a foyer and, of course, the rest of the house. Guests (information) knock at the door and ‘stand on the porch’ (i.e., teacher presents concepts). The host (i.e., the brain) lets the ‘guest’ come into the foyer (i.e., brain perceives the information and registers that it is there). The host helps the guests take off coat and boots (i.e., the brain organises and clarifies the information for storage), and brings them into the house (i.e. encodes the information into longer term memory). If the host takes too long to perform ‘hosts tasks’ and get the guests into the living room, some guests may become impatient and leave (i.e., some information is not encoded).
Finding Assistance
At Strategic Psychology in Canberra, we offer a comprehensive, individually-tailored assessment service that is suitable for children, adolescents and adults who are having difficulties with academic and work functioning. The WISC-IV is just one of the numerous assessments our clinicians are trained to administer. If you would like to make an appointment for yourself or your child to discuss the possibility and usefulness of administering an assessment, please contact us on (02) 6262 6157 or email support@strategicpsychology.com.au.
Related reading:
How Do I Know if my Child has Learning Difficulties
How to Choose a Child Psychologist
What do Child Psychologists Do?